ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE
Did You Know?
Vehicles with a SULEV- PZEV or AT PZEV emissions rating emit only two pounds of hydrocarbons over 100-000 miles of driving-that's equivalent to spilling a pint of gasoline.
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Hybrid Electric
Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) commercially available today combine an internal combustion engine with a battery and electric motor. This combination offers the extended range and rapid refueling of a conventional vehicle, while reducing energy requirements and emissions of today’s vehicles. The practical benefits of most HEVs include improved fuel economy and lower emissions compared to conventional vehicles. The inherent flexibility of HEVs allows them to be used in a wide range of applications, from personal transportation to commercial hauling.
Not all HEVs are created equal, however. Various hybrid concepts are being applied to vehicles, and some "mild" hybrids are not much better than their non-hybrid counterpart. When in doubt, search for hybrids with a smog score of 8 or better in order to get maximum environmental benefits and the greatest fuel efficiency.
Many configurations are possible for HEVs. Essentially, a hybrid combines an energy storage system, a power unit such as a spark ignition engine, and a vehicle propulsion system. The primary options for energy storage include batteries, ultracapacitors, and flywheels. Although batteries are by far the most common energy storage choice, research is still being done in other energy storage areas. Propulsion can come entirely from an electric motor, such as in a series configuration, or the engine might provide direct mechanical input to the vehicle propulsion system in a parallel configuration system. A hybrid's efficiency and emissions depend on the particular combination of subsystems, how these subsystems are integrated into a complete system, and the control strategy that integrates the subsystems.
Environmental Benefits
More efficient cars can make a big difference to society in terms of environmental benefits, and the serious deterioration of urban air has motivated regulators to require cleaner cars. Production HEVs will reduce smog-forming pollutants over the current national average. Hybrids will never be true zero-emission vehicles, however, because of their internal combustion engine. But hybrids certified to the ARB’s super ultra low emission standard with a smog score of 8 or better can significantly reduce ozone precursor emissions and global-warming pollutants by a third to a half, and future models may cut emissions by even more.
Perks and Conveniences
Auto manufacturers are producing a large variety of HEV makes and models with comparable performance, safety, and cost to conventional vehicles. By combining gasoline with electric power, hybrids have the same or greater range than traditional combustion engines, thus reducing the number of trips to the gasoline station. Improved fuel economy reduces greenhouse gas emissions and provides savings to help offset the incremental capital cost of the vehicle.
Charging/Fueling
Today’s hybrid electric vehicles refuel at the gas station. These vehicles use both gasoline and electricity that is generated on-board the vehicle. As a result, refueling is the same as conventional vehicles, although generally required less often due to improved fuel economy.
Facts
- Full HEVs are substantially more efficient than conventional vehicles
- Regenerative braking helps minimize energy loss and recover the energy used to slow down or stop a vehicle
- Engines can be sized to accommodate average load, not peak load, which reduces the engine’s weight
- Fuel efficiency is greatly increased because hybrids consume significantly less fuel than vehicles powered by gasoline alone.
- Emissions are decreased in most cases (for full hybrids) due to the increased use of the battery
Safety
Hybrid-electric vehicles meet all federal motor vehicle safety requirements. The batteries in HEVs are sealed and all high-voltage circuits are protected from casual contact. High-voltage circuits are marked, color-coded and posted with warnings to advise of their presence. These vehicles pose no additional risks over a conventional vehicle.
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